References

American Cancer Society. (2024). Colorectal Cancer Stages.

American Cancer Society (2021). Endoscopy.

American Cancer Society (2021). Hypopharyngeal Cancer Stages.

American Cancer Society (2021). Laryngeal Cancer Stages

American Cancer Society. (2025). Nasopharyngeal Cancer Stages. 

American Cancer Society. (2021). Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Stages.

American Cancer Society. Treating Colorectal Cancer.

American Joint Committee on Cancer. Nasopharynx. In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2017: 103-111.

American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM Staging System for the Larynx (8th ed.)

Centers for Disease Control (2024). About HPV.  

Cleveland Clinic. Epiglottis. 2022.

Cleveland Clinic. Carotid Artery. 2022.

Connor et al. Treatment, comorbidity and survival in stage III laryngeal cancer. Head and Neck. 2015:37(5)698-706.

Chakrabarti S, Peterson CY, Sriram D, Mahipal A. Early stage colon cancer: Current treatment standards, evolving paradigms, and future directions. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2020 Aug 15;12(8):808-832. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i8.808. PMID: 32879661; PMCID: PMC7443846.

Fleming, M., Ravula, S., Tatishchev, S. F., & Wang, H. L. (2012). Colorectal carcinoma: Pathologic aspects. Journal of gastrointestinal oncology, 3(3), 153.

Grothey, A., Van Cutsem, E., Sobrero, A., Siena, S., Falcone, A., Ychou, M., ... & Adenis, A. (2013). Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet, 381(9863), 303-312.

Gustavsson, B., Carlsson, G., Machover, D., Petrelli, N., Roth, A., Schmoll, H. J., ... & Gibson, F. (2015). A review of the evolution of systemic chemotherapy in the management of colorectal cancer. Clinical Colorectal Cancer, 14(1), 1-10.

Heiken, J. P. (2015). CT colonography (‘virtual colonoscopy’): Is it ready for colorectal cancer screening? Cancer Imaging, 3(2), 146.

Kopetz, S., Tabernero, J., Rosenberg, R., Jiang, Z. Q., Moreno, V., Bachleitner-Hofmann, T., ... & Capellà, G. (2015). Genomic classifier ColoPrint predicts recurrence in stage II colorectal cancer patients more accurately than clinical factors. The Oncologist, 20(2), 127-133.

Kumar A, Gautam V, Sandhu A, Rawat K, Sharma A, Saha L. Current and emerging therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2023 Apr 27;15(4):495-519. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i4.495. PMID: 37206081; PMCID: PMC10190721.

Medical News Today (2024). Colon Polyps Size Chart: How does size affect cancer risk?

Misono S. et al. Treatment and Survival in 10,429 patients with localized laryngeal cancer: a population-based analysis. Cancer. 2014:1810-1817.

National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2025). NCCN Guidelines: Colon Cancer, Version 4.2025.

National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Head and Neck Cancers. 1.2026

National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Larynx Cancer. 

National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (2025). Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment.

National Institute of Health (2025). National Cancer Institute: Laryngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®).

NCCN (2025). Clinical Practice Guidelines: Head and Neck Cancers.

NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines: Colon Cancer. www.nccn.org

NIH: National Cancer Institute. (2024). Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version. Taken from https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colon-treatment-pdq

Patil, A., Zhang, L (2022). Colon General Anatomy and Histology. PathologyOutlines.com. https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/colonhistology.html

Proverbs-Singh, T. A., Marshall, J., Varda, M. M., Nakhoul, I., Balar, B., Lee, J. S., ... & Goldberg, S. L. (2018). Profiling for microsatellite instability (MSI) and mismatch repair (MMR) among patients with colon cancer in real world settings. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 36(15)suppl, e15622-e15622

Regenbogen, S. E., & Hardiman, K. M. (2016). Colorectal Cancer: Surveillance After Curative-Intent Therapy. In The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery (pp. 555-570). Springer International Publishing.

Rex, D. K., Boland, C. R., Dominitz, J. A., Giardiello, F. M., Johnson, D. A., Kaltenbach, T., ... & Robertson, D. J. (2017). Colorectal cancer screening: recommendations for physicians and patients from the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. The American journal of gastroenterology, 112(7), 1016.

Taieb, J., Le Malicot, K., Shi, Q., Penault-Llorca, F., Bouché, O., Tabernero, J., ... & Sargent, D. J. (2017). Prognostic value of BRAF and KRAS mutations in MSI and MSS stage III colon cancer. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 109(5).

Vokes, E. E., Agrawal, N., & Seiwert, T. Y. (2015). HPV-associated head and neck cancer. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 107(12).

Winder. T. and Lenz, H. (2010). Molecular predictive and prognostic markers in colon cancer. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 36(7): 550–556.

You, Y. N., Rustin, R. B., & Sullivan, J. D. (2015). Oncotype DX® colon cancer assay for prediction of recurrence risk in patients with stage II and III colon cancer: A review of the evidence. Surgical oncology, 24(2), 61-66.